bstract
ENGLISH:
The development of the world brings development of value. The institution of slavery was known to be practiced and accepted by society in the classic world, but today it has been treated as an illegal practice. Islam accepted this practice in the prophet era, but it also has been accepted this practice to be wrong by the time being. Several scholars consider the issue of polygamy as the same as the issue of slavery in term of the changing of its legalization. It may be legal in the classical era, but it can be illegal for the modern era. The illegality of polygamy due to its use to legitimate marriage in the shake of fulfilling desire. Because of this phenomena, polygamy did not result a good protection for member of family. In contrary, it leads to domestic violence and divorce.
Indonesia and Malaysia has regulated the practice of polygamy on their law, Indonesia has the marriage regulation number 1 year 1974, while Malaysia has the Islamic family law year 1984. Both of country want to ensure their people welfare particularly in family matter. They did not expect polygamy resulting in chaos and social injustice among citizens.
However, several sides on both of countries see those regulations have some injustice articles within. Anik Farida asserted that Marriage Law number 1 year 1974 of Indonesia does not provide the value of pluralism and women emancipation. Similarly, Roslina Che Soh thinks that Islamic Family Law year 1984 of Malaysia regulation still need to be improved to guarantee the quality of justice towards wifes.
This research analyzes the justice value on both regulations in the view of Asghar Ali Engineer. He is one of International Islamic Scholar concern on justice and women emancipation. In his view, justice is an important value in Islam as important as equality in husband-wife relationship. The analysis on this research find that regulations of both countries legitimate the wife disability as one excuse for husband to practice polygamy. Those regulations did not reflect the spirit of justice by considering wife’s disability as an obstacle for being equal with her husband. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the existing regulation.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
of Study
In 19th century of Indonesia, public was
surprised by several cases of polygamy. This is due to the involvement of
several public figures and considered to be unhealthy practice of marriage. For
instance, Case of syekh Puji, 1 Case of Aa gym,2 and recently there is Aceng
Case.3 Those cases become the trending topic on 1 Pujiono Cahyo Widianto or
Syekh Puji is an entrepreneur and the founder of miftahul jannah Islamic
boarding school. He married Lutfiana Ulfa while she was 12 years old. His
action condemned by the people especially by the women emancipation movement.
This case does not contain just polygamy matter, it also contains marriage for
under age issue. This case begin at 2008 and resolved in 2012 after the
religious court of semarang give syekh puji permittion to marry ulfa. See
Pengadilan Agama Izinkan Syekh Puji Berpoligami, www.arrahmah.com 2 Abdullah
Gymnastiar or Aa Gym is one of Indonesia Islamic speaker. He was condemned by
his adherent because of his action to do a polygamy in 2006. He divorced his
first wife and get her back. Therefore, at last he has more than one wife. See
Aa gym: Poligami, Cerai, dan Rujuk news.detik.com 3 Aceng is the chief of garut
district. He married with fanny octora while he married with nurohimah his
first and legal wife. He married fanny only for four days and divorced her
through short message service. This Indonesian news media because those polygamous
marriages were practiced by popular people and seen to produce bad impact and
effects on the marriage, especially towards the existing marriage. Nassarudin
umar when He was asked for statement in constitutional court said there are
increasing number of divorce. While in 2004 there were 813 divorces caused by
poligami, in 2005 the case increased up to 879 and becomes 983 in 2006.4 In the
same even, LBH APIK Jakarta announced that in 2005 there were 104 wives
experienced domestic violence by her polygamyous husband.5 In Malang district,
at 2011 until 2013 there were decreasing and increasing amount of divorce
caused by polygamy.6 2004 2005 2006 Divorce Cases caused by polygamous marriage
813 879 983 Table 1. Divorce cases caused by polygamous marriage in National
scale 2011 2012 2013 Divorce Cases caused by polygamous marriage 222 76 79
Table 2. Divorce cases caused by polygamous marriage in Malang district
Indonesia has regulated the procedural administration to practice polygamy. In
Regulation number 1 year 1974 article 4, it regulates that husband is allowed
to marry more than one wife under particular circumstances, 1) wife is not able
to fulfill her obligation as wife, 2) wife’s body disability and uncured
illness, 3) wife’s case happened at 2013. See Skandal Nikah Kilat, Aceng Fikri
Jadi Bupati Pertama yang dimakzulkan news.detik.com 4 Poligami Terbukti
Menaikkan Angka Perceraian, www.hukumonline.com accesed at 19 February 2014 5
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Perkara 12/PUU-V/2007 (Indonesian version) 6 Infoperkara.badilag.net
accesed on 19 february 2014 barrent (sterile).7 Only by proving the existence
one of those conditions husband would be able to get permission to marry more
than one wife. Similarly, Malaysia has limited the practice of polygamy through
Act 303 year 1984. This Act is the fundamental or the base of Family Law in
Malaysia. It was aimed at unifying and modernizing the personal and family law
for muslims in Malaysia.8 To marry more than one wife, husband should be
permitted by the jugde. Judge would permit husband to practice polygamy if he
is able to satisfy at least five conditions: the intended marriage must
be‘reasonable and necessary’; the man must possess enough financial resources
to support his family; his current wife must give her permission; the man must
be capable of treating his wives equally; and the intended marriage may not
harm the current wife or wives.9 However, polygamy is commonly lead to divorce,
usually when economic support or emotions become problematic. It is unclear
whether more husbands than wives, or more first than second wives, tend to seek
divorce because of polygamy.10 Raihana Abdullah11 cited that after the
emergence of Act 303 year 1984 there is decreasing amount of polygamy.12
Ironically, polygamy becomes very controversial when it was resulted injustice
to wives and children.13 7 Regulation Number 1 year 1974 article 4 8 Adrew
Harding, Sharia and National Law in Malaysia in Jan Michael Otto, Sharia
Incorporated : A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim
Countries in Past and Present, (Leiden University Press, 2010) p. 502 9 Adrew
Harding, Sharia and National Law..p.516 10 Miriam Koktvegaard Zeitzen,
Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis, (New York: Berg, 2008) p. 85 11 Raihana is
lecturer at University of Malaya Malaysia. She has been known for her concern
on polygamy. She has several writing on this subject such as Poligami dalam
Perundangan Islam, Poligami di Malaysia, A Study of Islamic Family Law in
Malaysia. 12 Raihana Haji Abdullah, Poligami dalam Perundangan Islam, (Kuala
Lumpur : Rancangan Pengajian Gender, 1998) p. 193 13 Raihana Haji Abdullah,
Poligami dalam Perundangan Islam, p. 194 Based on those data, I as researcher
conclude that polygamy in Indonesia and Malaysia is a problem that mostly will
trigger another problem –for instance domestic violence, jealousy, economical
problem- and lead the marriage into destruction. Therefore, it is true if Qasim
Amin, one of Egyptian scholars has explained that polygamy only lead wife to
experience pain. He said, there are two possible reactions shown by wife when
her husband committed polygamy. First, she will love her husband but by
jealousy and torturing her heart. Second, she will stay because of her special
interest toward her husband.14 According to Islamic tradition, polygamy is a
prcatice which is accepted by qur’an. And if you fear that you will not be fair
dealing with the orphans, then marry of women as may agreeable to you, two, or
three, or four, and if you fear you will not deal justly, then marry only one
or what your right hands possess. That is the nearest way for you to avoid
injustice (an-nisa’:4)15 Justice in the modern Islamic law placed as one of the
general purpose of Islam.16 Human need justice, people will fight for justice,
no body like to be threatened unjust. For Asghar Ali, justice is the
representation of taqwa.17 He stated oftenly in his books about the importance
of justice. Futhermore, He said that world can be existed by justice and
unbeliever, but not by unjust and Islam.18 Therefore, 14 Qasim Amin, Tahrir
Al-Mar’ah, 1899, translated by Samiha Sidhom Peterson, The Liberation of women,
(Cairo : American University Press) p. 83 15 Sher Ali, Holy Qur’an : English
Translation, (UK : Islam International Publications, 2004) p. 82 16 Jasser
Auda, Maqasid Al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law, (London: The
International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2008) p.5 17 Asghar Ali engineer,
Islam and Liberation in Theology translated by Agung Prihantoro, (Yogyakarta:
Pustaka Pelajar, 2009) p.58 18 Asghar Ali, Liberation 69 I as the researcher
believe polygamy must be fulfilled by justice, and cannot be happened happily
without justice. Soerjono Soekanto said that law is the tool of social
engineer.19 Therefore, researcher believes regulation number 1 year 1974 of
Indonesia and Act 303 Year 1984 of Malaysia –as part of law- were intended to
change the social condition of society. Both of them emerge based on holy
purpose to bring justice into society.20 Raihana Abdullah provides data of
polygamy amount in several area of Malaysia several years after the emergence
of Act 303 year 1984. Those data show the reduction of accepted polygamy by the
court. However, Roslina Che Soh21 thinks that this regulation still need to be
improved to guarantee the quality of justice towards wifes.22 Similarly,
Polygamy regulations in Indonesia have been criticized by scholars. For
instance, Anik Farida said those regulations did not accommodate the principle
of justice and need to be reregulated. Especially, regulation number 1 year
1974 does not provide the value of pluralism and women emancipation.23 There is
a pattern made based on those facts. First, Indonesia and Malaysia has made
regulation regulated polygamy. Second, after the emergence of 19 Soerjono
Soekanto, Pokok-Pokok Sosiologi Hukum, (Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada,
2007)p.121 20 There are three purposes of law which has been accepted
differently among scholars. Some scholars put justice as the only purpose of
law. Those scholars are known by school of natural law. Some scholars put
beneficial as the important purpose of law. Those scholars are known by school
of realism. Another scholars put certainty of law as the important purpose of
law. This idea is represented by school of positivism of law. There are another
scholars which paired up between those three Ideas. Like utilitarianism which
put certainty of law and beneficial as the purpose of law and abandoned
justice. For more explanation see I Gede Dewa Atmadja, Filsafat Hukum : Dimensi
Tematis dan HIstoris, (Malang : Setara Press, 2013) p. 16 21 She is lecturer on
Islamic law subject at Islam Antarbangsa University Malaysia 22 Roslina Che
Soh, Penyeragaman undang-Undang Poligami in Najibah Mohd Zin, Undang-Undang
Keluarga (islam) , (Selangor: Darul Ehsan, 2007) p.64 23 Anik Farida, Menimbang
Dalil Poligami : Antara teks, konteks, dan praktek, (Jakarta: Balai Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Agama, 2008) p. 123 regulation, there are changes of
condition. Third, the changing conditions does not satisfy several sides. Those
sides said that those regulations did not provide a contextual justice,
especially towards women, at least in their perspective. Therefore, this
research wants to measure the justice on those regulations by another
perspective. In this case it chooses to use Asghar Ali engineer’s perspective
of justice. Asghar is an International thinker of modern Islamic Family Law. He
also has been known for his Idea of theology of liberation, he also wrote book
on the tittle women’s right in Islam. in the first book he has the special
chapter talks about justice. In his second book, He wrote about women’s right
and of course about Islamic justice toward women. He also has wrote special
chapter about polygamy on Qur’an, women, and modern society. There are another
writings belong to him that talked about justice, women, and polygamy.
Therefore, using his idea of justice, especially towards women and polygamy,
this research will be able to enrich the study of family law particularly on
polygamy in the view of international perspective. Hopefully, it could be
another sources for legislators if they want to improve the current regulation.
B. Statement of Problem What is the Islamic Justice which provided by
regulation of polygamy of Malaysia and Indonesia in the view of Asghar Ali
Engineer? C. Objective of research This research aims to describe, analyze, and
divine the Islamic justice on polygamy provided by regulation in Malaysia and
Indonesia in the view of Asghar Ali engineer D. Benefits of Study 1. This
research will be another scientific writing concern on polygamy in modern era.
It will also enrich the study of polygamy especially in the view Islamic law
and justice. Student or lecturer can make this research as a comparison for
another article concerning on polygamy. For an Indonesianist24and
Malaysianist25, this research will be a help to see how polygamy seen from
international perspective. Hopefully, This study will enrich the study
concerning on south east asia issue and help world to understand this region
(south east asia) 2. This research will help practisioners or legislator when
the divine what kind of improvement they must provide on regulation of
polygamy. Because, this research will analyze the regulations in the view of
Aghar and hopefully will be able to suggest points to provide justice on trough
the regulations. E. Research Methodology 1. Type of research 24 Non-Indonesian
scientist who concerning his work on issue of Indonesia 25 Non-Malaysian
scientist who concerning his work on issue of Malaysia This research focuses on
regulation number 1 year 1974 of Indonesia and Act 303 year 1984 of Malaysia
particularly concerning polygamy. Therefore, this research is a normative
research.26 Normative research is a research which the objects are literal.
This kind of research also known as library research. In research of law, there
are two major paradigm of approaches. First, normative paradigm which divine
law as the same as the regulation. Therefore, statue approach, comparative
approach, historical approach are dominating for scholars who see law as
regulation. Second, empirical approach which see law as the living value on
society. Therefore, the evectivity of law and scientific-law was used as the
approach on this group. 2. Research Approach This research uses qualitative
approach27 and will use deductive thinking model. For an example: ·
Premise Major : o Polygamy is allowed by Asghar if there are medical prove of
wife’s barren and in the condition of war · Premise Minor: 26 See Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Penelitian Hukum,
(Jakarta : Kencana, 2010) and Amiruddin, Pengantar Metode Penelitian Hukum,
(Jakarta: Rajawai Pers, 2010) 27 Qualitative approach means for exploring and
understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human
problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and procedures,
data typically collected in the participant’s setting, data analysis
inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher
making interpretations of the meaning of the data. The final written report has
a flexible structure. See John W. Cresswell, Research Design : Qualitative,
Quantitative, And Mixed Method Approach. (New Delhi: SAGE Publication, 2009)
p.1 o Regulation number 1 year 1974 of Indonesia allow husband to practice
polygamy if wife is barren · Conclusion : o Regulation number 1 year 1974 of Indonesia has same
side concept of asghar’s concept of polygamy It will consider several points
and data before applying the silogism method.28 Premise major in this research
will be the theory of justice especially on polygamy in the view of Asghar Ali
Engineer. The premise minor will be regulation number 1 year 1974 of Indonesia
and Act number 303 year 1984 of Malaysia particularly in the matter of polygamy.
3. Data Sources The data used in this research are categorized as secondary
sources.29 In this research, Researcher uses several primary law data : a.
Regulation number 1 year 1974 of Indonesia b. Act 303 year 1984 of Malaysia The
reasercher Also uses secondary data : a. Asghar’s Article/Book : 1) Pembebasan
Perempuan (Indonesian Translation of Qur’an, Women and Modern Society) 28
Silogism is consisted of two statements and one conclusions. The validity of
conclusion depend on the validity of two statements. If the two statements are
right, then it can be guarantee that the conclusion is right. See Jujun S.
Suriasumantri, Filsafat Ilmu: Sebuah Pengantar Populer. (Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar
Harapan, 2001) p.49 29 Secondary sources is literal or library document. In the
study or research of law, there are clasifications of secondary data. First,
primary law data such as Norm, Basic Regulation, ect. Second, secondary law
data such as regulation plan, or research related ti regulation, ect. Third,
thirdly law data such as ensiklopedia, dictionary of law, ect. See Soerjono
soekanto, pengantar penelitian hukum, (Jakarta: UI Press, 1942) p.52- 52 2)
Teologi Pembebasan (Indonesian Translation of Islam and Liberation Thelogy) 3)
Hak-Hak Perempuan dalam Islam (Indonesian Translation of The Rights of Women in
Islam) 4) Devolusi Negara Islam (Indonesian Translation of Islamic State) 5)
Gender and Islamic Justice 6) Polygamy in Islam b. Proceeding and Decision of
Constitutional Court of Indonesia number 12/PUU-V/2007 c. Research of Polygamy
: 1) Anik Farida, Menimbang dalil poligami : antara teks, konteks, dan praktek
2) Raihana Haji Abdullah : Polygamy di Malaysia 4. Collecting data method This
research use triangulation30 as collecting data method. Therefore, it provides
more valid and valuable data. 5. Processing Data The data in this research will
be proceed in two steps. Firstly, I classify characteristic in each of
regulations (regulation number 1 year 1974 and act 303 year 1984) especially on
the requirements of both of regulation. Finally, I will 30 Triangulation is a
method to collect the data using several collecting data method and combine
those methods and the existing data. See Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian
Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D, (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2011) p. 224 use
deductive pattern of thinking to measure or describe how the justice in
regulation-based on it’s characteristic-in the view asghar ali engineer. F.
Previous Research Study of Islamic family law in Malaysia was provided by Prof.
Raihana Abdullah one lecturer at academy of Islamic studies at university of
Malaya. In the study named “A Study of Islamic Family Law in Malaysia: A Select
Bibliography” She divides the development of Islamic law in Malaysia into three
periods. First period, pre-independence, which caractherized by significant
role of Malaysian custom within muslim society. Second, post-independence to
the mid- 1980s, which shown by the discussion between Islamic scholar and the
beginning of Islamic law legislation. Third, from the mid-1980s to the present
day, this period has shown a rapid development in the promulgation of Islamic
family law. There are many studies and researches produced on this period.31
Study of polygamy in Malaysia is provided by Nor Muhammad, lecturer at
university of Melaka. By the title “Reform of the Polygamy Law and Policy in
Malaysia: An Empirical Study” He expand many problems of polygamy in Malaysia.
He cites that the amendment of 1984 act brings another possible risk for
injustice toward family especially women and childern. It based on the changing
sentence of polygamy requirement. From “just and necessary” into “just or
necessary”. Therefore, current husband in malaysia can marry more than one girl
31 Raihana Muhammad, A Study of Islamic Family Law in Malaysia: A Select
Bibliography, International journal of legal information , 35 (2007) p. 516 as
far as he has the ability to be just or able to prove the wedding is necessary.
This condition is supported by the federal system of Malaysia which allows each
state to have their own condition and procedure.32 Therefore, Muhammad suggests
to do several changes in Malaysian law especially in Islamic law. First, to
unify Malaysian family law. Second, to apply that family law strictly. Third,
to make tighter and more comprehensive family law. Fourth, to organize training
programmes for both men and women with respect to marriage. Fifth, to educate
Malaysian people more fully about Islam. Sixth, To follow the Islamic Laws and
principles more strictly.33 Both of researches do not compare the regulation
with modern concept of polygamy. The researcher believe, through the
transformation of space and time, there will be change in social value and law.
Through comparative process between those regulation and modern concept of polygamy,
I hope as researcher I can find the weakness of every regulation. Therefore, I
can find which point that have to be improved or revised. G. Structure of
Discussion Chapter I Introduction This chapter will disscus the background and
purposes of the research. It will decribe the problems which 32 Noor Muhammad,
Reform of the Polygamy Law and Policy in Malaysia: An Empirical Study, web
journal of current legal issue, (2012)p.7 33 Noor Muhammad, Reform, p.8 make
the reasearcher is interested and emerged this reasearch. Chapter II Review of
Related Literature This chapter will discuss about the several theoretical
concepts and expert’s thought according to the topic. Those concepts and
thoughts will be used as tool of analysis in this research. Chapter III Finding
and Discussion This chapter will provide the data. Also the analysis will be
found in this chapter Chapter IV Findings and Conclusion It will describe the
reasearcher conclusion over the analyzed data.
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