Abstract
INDONESIA:
Banyak pendefinisian mengenai perkawinan sirri, Pada awalnya pengertian nikah sirri itu ditunjukkan atau dimaknakan terhadap perkawinan yang tidak memenuhi rukun dan syarat perkawinan, sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh Umar bin Khattab, ketika beliau mendapat pengaduan perkara tentang perkawinan yang hanya disaksikan oleh seorang saksi laki-laki dan seorang saksi perempuan. Namun saat ini, pengertian nikah sirri diperluas pengertiannya, yaitu termasuk perkawinan yang memenuhi rukun dan syarat perkawinan tetapi belum atau tidak dicatatkan di Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) Kecamatan bagi orang yang beragama Islam. Berkembangnya praktek perkawinan sirri yang tidak hanya terjadi di Indonesia, tetapi dalam lintas negara menimbulkan banyak perdebatan, dari segi proses, faktor dan dampak yang timbul dari perkawinan sirri. Seperti kasus buruh migran (TKI) yang bekerja di Malaysia, hampir 90 % TKI yang berada di wilayah Serawak melakukan perkawinan sirri.
Kajian ini difokuskan pada pernikahan sirri TKI di negara bagian Malaysia yang meliputi; Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Pulau Pinang,dan Kuantan Pahang pada proses, faktor dan dampak yang timbul dari perkawinan sirri TKI tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga melihat dampak yang timbul nikah sirri ditinjau dari UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan dan Enakmen Undang-undang Keluarga Islam, Selangor 1984.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan memperoleh pemahaman yang mendalam dibalik praktek pernikahan sirri yang dilakukan oleh Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) di negara bagian Selangor. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa yang melatarbelakangi dilakukannya pernikahan siri secara kasus per kasus memang berbeda, namun secara umum pernikahan siri dilakukan karena alasan ingin memperoleh keabsahan secara agama, selain itu proses cepat dan mudah juga menjadi faktor TKI memilih untuk melakukan nikah sirri. Dengan berbagai kemudahan yang ditawarkan di Malaysia diantaranya yaitu; adanya TKI yang disebut juga ustadz karena dianggap memiliki pengetahuan agama yang bagus (pernah mondok) yang sering diminta untuk menikahkan sesama TKI di Malaysia, adanya bisnis penjualan buku nikah palsu oleh oknum-oknum yang tidak lain adalah orang Indonesia sendiri. Terdapat beberapa persamaan ketentuan undang-undang perkawinan Indonesia dan undang- undang keluarga Malaysia. Tapi, perbedaan terletak pada hukumannya. Di Malaysia lebih dipermudah pembuatan sijil lahir bagi warga asing yang melahirkan anaknya di Malaysia, walaupun mereka menikah tidak dicatatkan secara Negara.
ENGLISH:
The are many definitions of sirri marriage, as considered does not meet the requirements and pillars of marriage, as stated by Umar ibn Khattab, when he received a complaint about the case of marriage which was witnessed by a male and a female witnesses. However, the extended definition of sirri marriage, including pillars and requirements of marriage but it is not registered in the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) for a Muslim. This unregistered marriage phenomenon is not only grows in Indonesia, but also, the across country which causes many debates, in terms of processes, factors and impacts. Like the case of migrant workers (TKI) in Malaysia, nearly 90% of them practice sirri marriage.
This study focused on sirri marriage practice migrants in the Malaysian state which includes; Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Pulau Penang, Kuantan and Pahang. In addition, this study also discussed of the practice in terms of the Martal Law No. 1 of 1974 and The Islamic Family Law Enactments, of Selangor 1984.
This study is a qualitative study aimed at gaining a deep understanding of the phenomenon behind sirri marriage practice by Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) in Selangor state. The results of this study reveals that the background unregistered marriage practice is different, but in general unregistered marriage to validity in religion. In addition, to the quick and easy process is also a factor practitioner choose their marriage. Various facilities offered are: the presence of migrant workers called ustadz i.e penghulu profession who has good knowledge of religion are often asked to marry fellow workers in Malaysia. The business of selling fake marriage certificate by rogue (oknum) elements Indonesia citizens itself. There are some similarities provisions Law No. 1 of 1974 about marital law with The Islamic Family Law Enactments, Selangor 1984. The difference is on the punishment. This country is easy to issue the sijil born (sijil lahir) to foreigners, eventhough they marriage is not recorded in the State.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
of The Research
The development of sirri marriage phenomenon
does not only happen in Indonesia, but also in onother countries which causes
many debates, in terms of the process, factors and impact. Sirri marriage in
Islamic countries, which are known as urfi and misyar marriage. The Government
of Egypt and Saudia Arabia, for example, will sentence actor urfi and misyar
marriage, and not have the right to obtain Egyption citizenship for children
born from woman who practice urfi marriage. In the context of Indonesian people
right now, sirri marriage is performed by a guardian or miror guardian and
watched by the witnesses, but it is 2 not done in the presence of the Clerk's
Marriage as official government apparatus or marriage is not registered in the
Office of religious affairs (KUA) for Muslim or in the Registry Office for
those who are not Muslim, so that it does not marriage certificate from the
government. For the society, this type of marriage is considered as sirri
marriage or marriage under the hand (nikah dibawah tangan). 1 A term of sirri
marriage or marriage that kept secret is already known among the islamic
scholar (ulama). Difference understanding between meaning of sirri marriage in
the past and at this time, formerly referred sirri marriage is a marriage in
accordance with the pillars of marriages and virtues of according to syari‘at,
a witness asked to did not disclose the occurrence of that wedding, to his
multitude to the people and by there was not “walimah al-ursy”.2 While,
understanding sirri marriage at the moment has misinterpretation for doing
polygamy, to able marriage again, but it is not registered in the office of
religious affairs (KUA) for a second, and third marriage. The kind of this
sirri marriage is usually held between male and female guardian, without the
presence of witnesses or it is guardian without witnesses, then they mutually
to conceal that wedding. 1 Thriwaty Arsal, “Nikah Siri dalam Tinjauan Demografi
,” Departemen Sains Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi
Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor , Jurnal Sosiologi Peesaan, 2 (11 September
2012), p. 164. Sirri marriage is definition from Fiqh perspective, but marriage
under the hand (nikah dibawah tanagan) is definition from law. Sirri marriage
legal besad on religion, complited by pillars and requirement of marriage, but
not publish (walimah Al-ursy), but marriage under the hand in bahasa Indonesia
is marriage that kept secreat, in the law context legal besad on religion
(complited by pillars and requirement of marriage) but no have law strenght
(unregistered). See... Miftahul Rohmah, “Perkawinan di Bawah Tangan dan Solusi
Hukumnya di Indonesia dan Malaysia,” Skripsi, (Jakarta: Universitas Negeri
Syarif Hidayatullah, 2011), p. 35. Ahmad Izzuddin, wawancara (Malang, 26 Maret
2014). 2 DR. H. M. Quzwini, “Perkawinan Siri dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan
UU Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan ,” Jurnal Penelitian , p. 1. 3 This
type of marriage is wrong (not legitimate), because it is not qualified, such
as guardian and witnesses. 3 There are many researches about sirri marriage in
Indonesia that can conclude that sirri marriage have become the phenomenon for
the Indonesian people. A study by 4 Sukaryanto about the culture of sirri
marriage in Rembang, in some cases, show that sirri marriage become one of the
spirit or the virus of N.AC. (need for achievement ) 5 for some women in
Rembang to portray themselves in the domain of the public. In short, marriage
sirri may be regarded as one gold bridge for some women to reach success
(especially in the fields of social and economics). The government even makes
the draft Law on Legal Affairs Marriage Material Religious Courts in the list
of National Legislation Program (Prolegnas) of 2010. It contains criminal
provisions (section 143-153), particularly related to sirri marriage, Mut’ah
marriage, second, third, fourth marriage, and the divorce without a trial
conducted in court, committing adultery and refused to take responsibility, and
marry or become a guardian of marriage. The threat of punishment for that crime
varied, ranging from 6 months to three (3) years and fines ranging from 6
million to 12 million. 6 3 Thriwaty Arsal, Nikah Siri, p. 163. 4 Sukaryanto,
“Budaya Nikah Siri di Rembang dalam Perspektif Gender”, Jurnal Penelitian,
(Departemen Ilmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Airlangga Jalan
Airlangga 4- 6Surabaya), p. 13 5 Mentality Virus is desire to get the high
achievement in the life. This Theory developing by David Mc. Clelland....
See... Mohammad Sobary, Virus N-ACH, Jawa Pos, 25 Februarith 2014. 6 Nikah
Siri? Awas Dipenjara!” Kompas, Friday, 12 Februarith 2010, p. 1. 4 A study by 7
Siti Ummu Adillah who explained that the negative consequences of sirri
marriage by women ( wife ) and son sirri marriage whose husband is
unresponsible, while the fundamental factor of sirri marriage is; economic
factors, lacking of age marriage, the difficulty rules polygamous, labor
relationship, still educated (school or college) . People think that sirri
marriage is legal based on religion, while registered of marriage is only
administrative issues, lack of understanding people for recording the
importance of marriage. The appearance of sirri marriage phenomenon which
happen frequently, by some reasons are without a women guardian, even sometimes
also without witness and without knowing by women parents. This Marriage is
unauthorized in religion and judicially.8 The rise of the sirri marriage in
Indonesia at this point more the sirri marriage as an alternative to committing
polygamy, the number of officials who conducted the sirri marriage, such as the
figure of the Regent Garut is Aceng Fikri, who sirri marriage with girl and
divorced her in just four days, the divorce done by short massage service
(SMS).9 Among all these religious leader there is the Syekh Pujiono Cahyo
Widianto with a maiden who is under the age named Lutfiana Ulfa. 10 Among these
artist is Angel lelga who reportedly do sirri marriage for the third time. The
first with king of dangdut Rhoma Irama, with the 7 Siti Ummu Adillah, “Analisis
Hukum terhadap Faktor-faktor yang Melatarbelakangi terjadinya nikah sirri dan
Dampaknya terhadap Perempuan dan Anak,”(Semarang: Universitas Islam Sultan
Agung), p. 1. 8 Thriwaty Arsal, Nikah Siri , p. 161. 9 Muhamad Isna Wahyudi
,”Nikah Siri Tidak Lagi Syar'i,” 4 (Monday, 04 Februarith 2013 ), p. 1. 10
Brahmana Mahardika, Nikah Sirri dalam Konstelasi Hukum Keluarga di Indonesia
(Studi Kasus Perkawinan Sirri Syekh Pujiono Cahyo Widianto dengan Lutfiana
Ulfta),Skripsi S-1 (Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, 2010),
p. 21. 5 Entrepreneurs flight is HM Rusli, and third with Entrepreneur coal, is
Abdul Rahma unregistered marriage which is caused by conflict, and that raises
a problem which is lawful wife who was the first wife of HM Rusli and Abdul
Rahma demanded Angel Lelga with adultery. 11 In Malaysia, there are phenomena
of Sindiket marriage which is person who provide things that are needed in the
process of marriage as the penghulu and witness marriage for couples who have
problem to perfom marriage without following the procedure. The rule performed
by these sindikets facilitate couples getting married contact only certain
parties in the Malaysia-Thailand region. 12 In Akta of The Islamic Family Law
(Persekutuan region) of 1984 must be registered marriage in Mahkamah Syariah of
Malaysia. Nonetheless, sirri marriage and sindiket marraige have different
definition and process. Discussing about Malaysia, migrant workers from
Indonesia practiced a lot of sirri marriage in Malaysia. Supervisory Team of
the data Protection of Indonesian Workers Abroad (TP2TKILN) House of
Representatives (DPR RI) the number of migrant workers in Malaysia at the
moment is five (5) million Indonesian citizens. However, data from the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, the number of migrant workers in Malaysia who has recently
recorded around 2.5 million, 13 and the rest of them are illegal. The
phenomenon of sirri marriage in Malaysia, influenced by several factors are ;
migrant workers want a quick and 11 Siti Ummu Adillah, “Analisis Hukum, p. 1.
12 Hamidah binti Harun, Perkahwinan Tanpa Kebenaran Di Mahkamah Syariah Wilayah
Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur,Disertasi (Bangi, Universitas Kebangsaan Malaysia,
2013), p. 58. 13 Amnesti berakhir, Masih ada Ratusan Ribu Tki Ilegal di
Malaysia”, Gresnews.com, Thursday, 20 Februari 2014, p. 1. 6 easy process,
because there they were busy with existing work, avoid controled Position of
Islam (JAIS) in Malaysia from adultery, migrant workers who already have a
husband or wife in Indonesia and marriage again in Malaysia, 14 get married with
other citizens such as Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar citizen.
Malaysia is a country of various ethnic and many tourists, which considered
migrant workers choosed sirri marriage practice. Sirri marriage case even
nearly 90% in Sarawak most of them are in oil palm plantations which far away
from the city center, and avoided controled Position of Islam (JAIS) in
Malaysia. Unregisterd marriage phenomenon does not only happen in Sarawak, but
also in some regions in Malaysia i.e Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Pahang and Penang.
Migrant workers works on a building project (kongsi TKI), market as a seller of
vegetables or fruit, and domestic worker (Maid household) or illegal factories
who run away from their employers.15 Based on this phenomenon, researcher would
like to discuss deeper the phenomenon of sirri marriage of migrant workers in
Malaysia. The discussion is expected to get an overview of the factors, process
and impact of sirri marriage migrant workers in Malaysia entitled "The
Practice of Sirri Marriage in Malaysia (Case Study of Indonesian Migrant
Workers (TKI) in Selangor State of Malaysia). 14 Dwi, Interview (Plampngrejo,
13th Februari 2014). 15 Dwi, Interview (Plampngrejo, 13th Februari 2014). 7 B.
Scope and Limitation Limitation of the material that will be discussed by
researcher only focuse on the factors, process and impact behind the practice
of sirri marriage of Indonesian migrant workers in Selangor state of Malaysia,
and additional information in several regions in Malaysia i.e Selangor, Pulau
Pinang, Pahang, and Kuala Lumpur. C. Problem of the Study Statement of the
problem starts from the background and scope of the problems mentioned above,
the issues to be discussed in this thesis are: 16 1. What are the factors of
sirri marriage practiced by migrant workers in Selangor state of Malaysia? 2.
What is process of sirri marriage practiced by migrant workers in Selangor
state Malaysia? 3. What is the impact of sirri marriage practiced by migrant
workers in The Law on Marriage No. 1 of 1974 and The Islamic Family Law
Enactments, Selangor 1984 perspective? 16 Liza Wahyuninto, Problematika
Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Istri Dalam Masa Iddah (Studi Kasus Di Pengadilan Agama Kota
Malang), Skripsi (Malang: Universitas Islam Negeri Malang, 2010), p. 7. 8 D.
Objective of Research The objective of this research is: 1. To find the factors
of sirri marrige practiced by migrant workres in Selangor state of Malaysia. 2.
To find the process of sirri marriage practiced by migrant workres in Selangor
state of Malaysia. 3. To find the impact of sirri marriage practiced in The Law
on Marriage No. 1 of 1974 and The Islamic Family Law Enactments, Selangor 1984
perspective. E. Benefits of Research This study is expected to provide
substantial benefit and contribution in theoretical and practical. The
anticipated benefits of this research are: 1. Theoretical Benefits a. This
research is expected to contribute positively in the fields of law, especially
Islamic law relating to the research discussion of sirri marriage. b. This study
is expected to provide information and understanding for Indonesian migrant
workers in Malaysia, especially the importance of registration of marriage to
get legality of law, and to avoid the problems that arise as a result of sirri
marriage. 9 2. Practical Benefits a. For the government, must make the rule to
pressure sirri marriage practice of migrant workers in Malaysia, and the
Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Kuala Lumpur can be used as reference
material to create a new rule to pressure sirri marriage practice of migrant
workers in some regions in Malaysia. The Embassy is more selective for the fake
marriage certificate. About marriage confirmation (isbat nikah) perfome by
Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia (KJRI) in Kucing and Sarawak
only. Never been done in Kuala Lumpur, Pinang, Selangor, Pahang and some
regions in Malaysia. F. Structure of Discussion To facilitate the reader to
understand the content of this research, the writer arrange systematics as
follows: CHAPTER I: A discussion about the problem as the focus of the study as
well as the argument relating to the main ideas of this research is presented
in chapter one. CHAPTER II: Provides the existing works regarding the sirri
marriage as the general overview of the subject of the study. Described also on
an overview of the definition of marriage, pillars and requirements of
marriage, registration of marriage and the laws that govern it. Sirri marriage
in positive law (The Law on 10 Marriage No. 1 of 1974), Islamic law perspective.The
last is about sindiket marriage in Malaysia and The Islamic Family Law
Enactments, Selangor 1984. CHAPTER III: This chapter will be presented about
the research methods used in this study, namely: the type of research, research
approach, data sources, data collecting methods, and methods of data analysis.
This chapter more focused on the methodology which are used by the researcher
in order to this research has well structured and correctly. CHAPTER IV:
Results and Discussion, in this chapter presented on the analysis of data, that
is the answer to the formulation of the problem, namely the process of sirri
marriage practice in some regions in Malaysia, the factors of sirri marriage
practice in some regions in Malaysia, and the problem that arise as a result of
sirri marriage in some regions in Malaysia. The impact of sirri marriage
practice in The Law on Marriage No.1 of 1974 and The Islamic Family Law
Enactments, Selangor 1984 perspective. CHAPTER V: Finally, the conclusion and
result of the study, as well as some suggestions for further studies is
presented in the last chapter.
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